> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://pycoders-nl.gitbook.io/pycoders-handbook/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://pycoders-nl.gitbook.io/pycoders-handbook/~/changes/YTi8eWfJe4r0epZkSSSg/extra-documentation/week16.md).
# maths-stats
Graphics for Machine Learning
## Chart Types
### Bar Chart
A *bar chart uses* bars to show comparisons between categories of data. These bars can be displayed horizontally or vertically.
### Histogram
It provides a visual interpretation of numerical data by showing the number of data points that fall within a specified range of values (called “bins”).
### Histogram Line Chart
A **frequency polygon** is a graph constructed by using lines to join the midpoints of each interval, or bin
### Scatter Plot
This diagram is used to find the correlation between these two variables, how they are related.
* **Chart1**- Scatter Diagram with Strong Negative Correlation
* **Chart2**- Scatter Diagram with Weak Negative Correlation
* **Chart3**- Scatter Diagram with Strong Positive Correlation
* **Chart4**- Scatter Diagram with Weak Positive Correlation
* **Chart5**- Scatter Diagram with Weakest (or no) Correlation
{% hint style="info" %}
For more details, you can watch [**these series of videos.**](https://www.khanacademy.org/math/ap-statistics/bivariate-data-ap/scatterplots-correlation/v/constructing-scatter-plot)
{% endhint %}
### Box Plot
### Bubble Chart
* Colors rate the cut of the diamond
* The size of the bubbles and the clarity
* The size of the diamond in the horizontal
* It shows the price in the vertical
### Pie Chart & Donut Chart
#### Pie Chart Example
### Stacked Bar Chart
### Stacked Area Chart
### Heat Map
A heat map is a graphical representation where individual values of a matrix are represented as colors. A heat map is very useful in visualizing the concentration of values between two dimensions of a matrix. This helps in finding patterns and gives a perspective of depth.
To better understand the table above, a heat map is more useful:
### Recap
Below flow chart is very handy when choosing the best chart type to use.
{% hint style="success" %}
These are the chart types we'll cover here. Of course, there are many more.
{% endhint %}
## Common Functions Reference
### Linear Functions
`m = (change in y) / (change in x)` -----> Slope or Gradient (how steep the line is)
`b = value of y when x=0` ----> just to see where the line crosses the Y axis.
#### Linear Function Example
### Parabolic Functions
**b is easy:** just see where the line crosses the Y axis.
### Cube Functions
### Square Root Functions
## How Polynomials Behave
A polynomial looks like this:
#### Examples
## Exercises
1- What is "Numerical Reasoning Test"? Where is it used?
2- Go on to [**this site and take the Numerical Reasoning test**](https://www.assessment-training.com/Training/Free#/test/266?mode=free\&pid=0)**.** (I advise you to solve it without time limit.)
Good luck!